Abstract
Abstract
The study aims to undertake a geo-forensic investigation of the major causes of cracks in buildings in Gubi and its environs. To achieve this, geophysical and geotechnical approaches were adopted to characterise the soil properties and subsurface rocks. Five (5) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were purposively carried out using Schlumberger configuration to characterize the geoelectrical properties of the soil. In addition, 10 disturbed soil samples were collected for geotechnical laboratory analyses. The indices analyzed are natural moisture content, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, free swell index, linear shrinkage, and specific gravity. Three geoelectrical layers comprising topsoil, weathered layer, and bedrock basement were delineated within the study area. The resistivity values (10.8 - 42.8 Ωm) suggest that the top and the weathered layers of VES 1and VES 2 are incompetent clay materials. The results of the geotechnical tests however, revealed that the site is underlain by poorly graded clay sand to sand clays (SC) with low to medium plasticity, specific gravity (2.2 - 2.7), liquid limit (25.8 % - 39.0 %), plastic limit (18.8 % - 35.1 %), natural moisture content (7.10 % - 25.0 %) and linear shrinkage limit (2.8 % - 11.3 %). The result generally shows that the soils in the northeastern parts have natural moisture content, linear shrinkage, and free swell value above the permissible limit for a foundation. It was concluded that differential settlement of the incompetent subsoil materials is responsible for the failure of the foundation materials and building walls.

Key words: Geophysical approaches, Atterberg limits, Shrinkage limit, Weathered layer, Differential settlement